蘇格拉底開創了蘇格拉底方法,一種提問技巧,為西方哲學探究奠定了基礎,影響了柏拉圖和亞里斯多德。知識論探討知識的本質、來源和界限,將其與倫理學或形而上學等其他分支區分開來。沙特的《存在與虛無》(1943 年)探討了生存主義的主題,如自由、意識和虛無,鞏固了其在運動中的作用。康德的絕對命令是一個普遍的道德原則,即行動必須基於適用於所有理性存在的規則。柏拉圖的《理想國》討論了正義、理想國和哲學家國王,使其成為政治哲學的基石。存在主義強調個人責任、選擇以及在看似荒謬的世界中尋找意義。羅爾斯《正義論》(1971)使用無知之幕來確保公正的正義原則,想像決策者不知道他們的社會地位。笛卡爾在《第一哲學沉思錄》中的「我思故我在」透過思考確立了自我存在的確定性。美學探索美、藝術和品味的本質,與邏輯或本體論等其他哲學分支不同。尼采在《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》等作品中提出的「權力意志」概念描述了人類野心和創造力背後的驅動力。由傑里米·邊沁和約翰·斯圖亞特·密爾發展的功利主義,優先考慮能夠產生最大整體幸福感的行為。霍布斯的《利維坦》(1651)主張建立一個強大的主權者來維持秩序,防止「自然狀態」的混亂。由芝諾創立的斯多葛主義教導說,美德和幸福來自於與自然保持一致,並接受無法控制的事物。本體論,形上學的一個分支,探討存在、存在以及實體的屬性。尼采的《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》(1883–1885)是一部哲學小說,探討了諸如超人和永恆輪迴等主題。卡繆在《薛西弗斯的神話》中,將荒謬描述為人類對意義的渴望與宇宙的漠不關心之間的衝突。蘇格拉底方法使用探究性的問題來揭露矛盾,並鼓勵更深入的理解,如在柏拉圖的對話錄中所見。胡塞爾在《邏輯研究》等著作中確立了現象學,一種研究意識和經驗的方法。亞里士多德的《工具論》介紹了範疇三段論,一種用於演繹推理的邏輯結構(例如,「所有人都是會死的;蘇格拉底是人;因此,蘇格拉底是會死的」)。洛克在《人類理解論》中的「白板」觀點認為,心靈在出生時是一張白紙,由經驗塑造。康德的《純粹理性批判》(1781)考察了人類理性的局限性,以及知識如何由心靈構建。倫理學研究道德原則、是非對錯,以及個人在各種情況下應該如何行動。尼采在《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》中的永恆輪迴,挑戰個人活得好像他們的生活會無限重複。懷疑主義,如皮浪等思想家所見,質疑是否能獲得確定的知識,經常暫停判斷。波娃的《第二性》(1949) 分析了女性的壓迫,是存在主義女性主義的基礎。黑格爾的辯證法,在《精神現象學》等作品中,描述了透過矛盾的解決來取得進展。康德的絕對命令是一條理性的道德法則,不同於功利主義或神學倫理。虛無主義,通常與尼采相關,否認傳統道德和宗教體系中固有的意義或價值。詹姆斯的《實用主義》(1907) 強調實際後果和經驗作為真理和意義的基礎。休謨的歸納問題質疑過去的觀察是否能證明未來預測的合理性,挑戰了經驗的確定性。海德格爾的《存在與時間》(1927) 透過存在主義和現象學分析探索存在的本質。伊比鳩魯學說認為,美好生活是透過簡單的快樂、友誼和減少痛苦來實現的。邊沁的圓形監獄,一種監獄設計,後來被傅柯用來討論社會中的權力和監視。德希達的解構主義分析文本,揭示隱藏的假設和矛盾,挑戰固定的意義。柏拉圖在《理想國》中的寓言說明了教育的影響和哲學家在感知現實中的作用。盧梭的《社會契約論》(1762)認為,合法的權力來自人民的普遍意志。沙特在《存在與虛無》中的“自欺”描述了為了避免面對自己的自由而進行的自我欺騙。邏輯研究有效推理的原則,確保論證是健全和一致的。叔本華的《作為意志和表象的世界》(1818)認為,現實是由盲目的、非理性的意志驅動的。休謨的“是-應該”問題突出了描述性陳述(是什麼)和規範性陳述(應該是什麼)之間的邏輯差距。You scored 0 out of 40You scored 1 out of 40You scored 2 out of 40You scored 3 out of 40You scored 4 out of 40You scored 5 out of 40You scored 6 out of 40You scored 7 out of 40You scored 8 out of 40You scored 9 out of 40You scored 10 out of 40You scored 11 out of 40You scored 12 out of 40You scored 13 out of 40You scored 14 out of 40You scored 15 out of 40You scored 16 out of 40You scored 17 out of 40You scored 18 out of 40You scored 19 out of 40You scored 20 out of 40You scored 21 out of 40You scored 22 out of 40You scored 23 out of 40You scored 24 out of 40You scored 25 out of 40You scored 26 out of 40You scored 27 out of 40You scored 28 out of 40You scored 29 out of 40You scored 30 out of 40You scored 31 out of 40You scored 32 out of 40You scored 33 out of 40You scored 34 out of 40You scored 35 out of 40You scored 36 out of 40You scored 37 out of 40You scored 38 out of 40You scored 39 out of 40You scored 40 out of 40
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踏上一段引人入勝的哲學之旅,透過這個發人深省的問答測驗!專為挑戰新手和資深思考者而設計,這 40 個問題涵蓋了從古代智慧到當代辯論,融合了基礎概念和複雜的想法。從蘇格拉底的探詢對話到沙特的生存主義沉思,測試您對塑造人類思想的觀念的理解。您準備好揭開自己是好奇的初學者還是深刻的哲學家了嗎?深入研究,深刻反思,讓這個測驗揭示您在永恆的智慧追求中真正的智力水平。
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